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What is the difference between "the law of Moses" and "the law of Christ"?

The coming of Christ changes everything. The Old Testament is not to be discarded; it remains God's word for us. But we read the Old Testament, and obey the Old Testament laws, through the prism of Christ and the New Testament. 

As Christians, we are not "under" the law, that is to say we are *not* bound to keep ("do") the Old Testament laws in the Old Testament way (Gal. 5:3). Rather, we "fulfil" the law in a New Testament way (Romans 8:4; 13:8,10; Galatians 5:14; James 2:8). Not only are we "not under law" in respect of the detailed laws (e.g. Exodus 21-23); we are also "not under law" in relation to the Ten Commandments (Exodus 20:1-17). The Ten Commandments do not constitute a timeless universal moral code, but rather represent specific commandments given to the people of Israel in the context of the Exodus from Egypt (20:2), and future life in the promised land of Canaan (20:12).  

Paul writes in 1 Corinthians 9,

"To those under the law I became as one under the law (though not being myself under the law) that I might win those under the law. To those outside the law I became as one outside the law (not being outside the law of God but under the law of Christ) that I might win those outside the law." (vv. 20-21)

In Romans 7, he writes,

"Likewise, my brothers, you also have died to the law through the body of Christ, so that you may belong to another, to him who has been raised from the dead, in order that we may bear fruit for God. For while we were living in the flesh, our sinful passions, aroused by the law, were at work in our members to bear fruit for death. But now we are released from the law, having died to that which held us captive, so that we serve in the new way of the Spirit and not in the old way of the written code." (vv. 4-6)

So, according to the New Testament, Christians are not "under the law [of Moses]", but we are "under the law of Christ". Christ fulfilled the law of Moses by keeping it perfectly in all respects; we fulfil the law of Moses by personally obeying Christ. Serving "in the new way of the Spirit" means a whole different approach to obedience to God, focused not on observing Old Testament commandments in the precise way they are framed (e.g. Exodus 35:3), but rather personally obeying Christ.

"The law of Christ can be defined as those prescriptive principles drawn from the example and teaching of Jesus and his apostles (the central demand being love), which are meant to be worked out in specific situations by the guiding influence and empowerment of the Holy Spirit." (A. Blake White)

This understanding broadly matches up to what is called "New Covenant Theology (NCT)", as also espoused by Douglas Moo. 

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