The English Reformation began with groups such as the gatherings at the White Horse Inn in Cambridge, and with other individuals who had been in contact with Luther's teachings, including William Tyndale, the Bible translator and martyr. Later, under Henry VIII and his son, Edward VI, Thomas Cranmer and others gradually introduced Reformation teachings in the form of revised orders of service in English, access to the Bible in English translation and so forth. Queen Mary Stuart temporarily reversed these changes, and martyred many. The subsequent reign of Elizabeth I consolidated the English Reformation, combining traditional forms with the Reformed teaching of the 39 Articles. It was during the reign of Elizabeth I, that the Puritan movement began. This was at first a movement within the national church pushing for a more thorough reformation along the lines of that in Geneva. However, others rejected the whole idea of a national church and from 1581, independent churches were st...